How does a fragmentation warhead primarily cause damage?

A fragmentation warhead primarily causes damage through the use of flying fragments. When the warhead detonates, it disintegrates into numerous sharp pieces of metal or other materials. These fragments are propelled at high speeds in various directions, and as they travel outward, they can strike and penetrate targets with considerable force. The high velocity and sharp edges of the fragments maximize the lethality of the warhead, making it particularly effective against personnel, vehicles, and lightly armored structures.

In contrast, while high-temperature fire, chemical reactions, and explosive pressure can all contribute to damage in different types of ordnance or weapon systems, they do not define the primary mechanism by which a fragmentation warhead operates. The essential function of this specific type of warhead is fundamentally about the scattering of lethal fragments that inflict damage over a wide area. This characteristic is what distinguishes fragmentation warheads from other types of explosives that might use different methods to cause destruction.