What characteristic differentiates howitzers and mortars from guns?

The characteristic that differentiates howitzers and mortars from guns is that they utilize indirect fire. This means that these artillery systems are designed to fire shells at high angles, allowing them to strike targets that are not in the direct line of sight. Howitzers and mortars can engage targets that are behind cover or in elevated positions by using a method of fire that involves calculating ballistic trajectories, which is essential for effective artillery operations.

Indirect fire is particularly effective for delivering explosive ordnance over obstacles or into areas where direct line-of-sight engagement would be impossible. In contrast, guns typically employ direct fire, where the target is visible to the operator, allowing for straightforward aiming and firing. This fundamental difference shapes the operational roles and tactics used in warfare, as indirect fire allows for greater flexibility in targeting and can support ground troops while staying concealed from enemy eyes.

Thus, the ability to utilize indirect fire is a defining feature that sets howitzers and mortars apart from traditional guns.